HEADS OF IMPORTANT OFFICES

HEADS OF IMPORTANT OFFICES India)

BUSINESS

CEO, Air Asia India - Mittu Chandilya

CEO, Face book - Mark Zuckerberg

CEO, PepsiCo - Ms. Indira Nooye

CEO, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) - Mr. N Chandrasekaran

CEO, Wal-Mart India - Krish Iyer

Chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway - Mr. Warren Buffett

Chairman, Aditya Birla Group of Company - Mr. Kumaramangalam Birla

Chairman, Bharati Group - Mr. Sunil Mittal

Chairman, Biocon - Ms. Kiran Majumdar

Chairman, HCL Technologies - Mr. Shiv Nadar

Chairman, HDFC Bank - Mr. C. M. Vasudev

Chairman, ICICI Bank - Mr. K. V. Kamath

CEO & MD, ICICI Bank - Ms. Chanda Kochhar

Chairman, Jet Airways - Mr. Naresh Goyal

Chairman, Mahindra & Mahindra Group - Mr. Anand Mahindra

Chairman, Mittal Arcelor Steels - Mr. Lakshmi Mittal

Chairman, NTPC - Dr. Arup Roy Choudhury

Chairman, Reliance Industries - Mr. Mukesh Ambani

Chairman, State Bank of India (SBI) - Smt. Arundhati Bhattacharya

Chairman, Tata Sons - Mr. Cyrus Mistry

Chairman, Tech Mahindra - Mr. Anand Mahindra

Chairman, UB Group and Kingfisher Airlines - Mr. Vijay Maliya

Chairman, Wipro - Azim H. Premji

CMD, Air India - Mr. Rohit Nandan

CMD, HUDCO - Dr. M. Ravi Kanth

CMD, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited – P. Madhusudan

Founder & Chairman of Infosys - Narayan Murthi

CEO & MD, Infosys - Vishal Sikka

Founder of Airtel (Telecom Service Provider in India) - Mr. Sunil Mittal

Founder of Apple Company - Steve Jobs

MD & CEO, Axis Bank - Shikha Sharma

MD & CEO, YES Bank - Mr. Rana Kapoor

MD, Kotak Mahindra Bank - Mr. Uday Kotak

President of International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) India - Rajan Bharti Mittal

NATIONAL

Chairman Kolkata Metro Rail - Shri Rajeev Bhargava

Chairman Delhi Metro Rail - Dr. Sudhir Krishna

Chairman 20th Law Commission - Shri Justice Ajit Prakash Shah

Chairman, 13th Finance Commission - Dr. Vijay Kelkar

Chairman, 14th Finance Commission - Dr. Y. V. Reddy

Chairman, Airports Authority of India (AAI) - Shri Alok Sinha

Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission and Secretary, Dept of Atomic Energy - Dr. R. K. Sinha

Chairman, Audit Bureau Circulation (ABC) - Mr. Shailesh Gupta

Chairman, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) - K. V. Chowdary

Chairman, Coal India Limited - Mr. S. Narsing Rao

Chairman, Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) - Mr. Ajay S. Shriram

Chairman, Financial Planning Standards Board India (FPSB) - Justice B N Srikrishna

Chairman, GAIL - Shri B. C. Tripathi

Chairman, India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) - Mr. Girish Shankar

Chairman, Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative Limited (IFFCO) - Mr. N. P. Patel

Chairman, Inland Waterways Authority of India - Shri Amitabh Verma

Chairman, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) - Mr. T. S. Vijayan

Chairman, Investment Commission - Mr. Ratan Tata

Chairman, Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) - Shri S. K. Roy

Chairman, NASSCOM - R. Chandrasekaran

Chairman, National Agri. Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. (NAFED) - Dr. Bijender Singh

Chairman, National Commission for Backward Classes - Justice Vangala Eswaraiah

Chairman, National Commission for Scheduled Castes - Mr. P. L. Punia

Chairman, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes - Mr. Rameshwar Oraon

Chairman, National Commission on Farmers (NCF) - Dr. M.S. Swaminathan

Chairman, National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) - Shri Rajendra Pal Singh

Chairman, National Knowledge Commission - Mr. Sam Pitroda

Chairman, National Statistical Commission - Dr. Pronob Sen

Chairman, National Security Advisory Board - Shri Shyam Saran

Chairman, Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) - Shri S. Krishnan

Chairman, Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) - Mr. U. K. Sinha

Chairman, Space Commission and ISRO - Dr. K. Radhakrishnan

Chairman, SSC - Mr. Amitava Bhattacharyya

Chairman, Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) - Mr. Chandra Shekhar Verma

Chairman, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) - Dr. Rahul Khullar

Chairman, UGC - Prof. Ved Prakash

Chairman, UPSC - Prof. D.P. Agarwal

Chairperson, Central Board of Excise & Customs - J. M. Shanti Sundharam

Chairperson, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) - Dr. Pramod Deo

Chairperson, Competition Commission of India (CCI) - Mr. Ashok Chawla

Chairperson, National Commission for Minorities - Shri Naseem Ahmad

Chairperson, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) - Mrs. Kushal Singh

Chairperson, National Commission for Women - Ms. Mamata Sharma

Chairperson, National Human Rights Commission - Justice K.G. Balakrishnan

Chairperson, Prasar Bharati Board - Smt. Mrinal Pande

Chairperson, Sangeet Natak Akademy - Ms. Leela Samson

Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) - Shri Rajiv Mathur

CEO, National Intelligence Grid (Natgrid) - Mr. Raghu Raman

CEO, Prasar Bharati - Shri Jawhar Sircar

CMD, Allahabad Bank - Shri Rakesh Sethi

CMD, Andhra Bank - Shri C V R Rajendran

CMD, Bank of Baroda - Shri S. S. Mundra

CMD, Bank of India - Smt. V. R. Iyer

CMD, Bank of Maharashtra - Shri Sushil Muhnot

CMD, Bharatiya Mahila Bank - Ms. Usha Ananthasubramanian

CMD, Canara Bank - Shri. R. K. Dubey

CMD, Central Bank of India - Shri Rajeev Rishi

CMD, Corporation Bank - Shri S. R. Bansal

CMD, Dena Bank - Shri Ashwani Kumar

CMD, IDBI Bank - Mr. M. S. Raghavan

CMD, Indian Bank - Shri T. M. Bhasin

CMD, Indian Overseas Bank - Shri. M. Narendra

CMD, IndusInd Bank - Mr. R. Seshasayee

CMD, Oriental Bank of Commerce - Sh. S. L. Bansal

CMD, Punjab & Sind Bank - SH. Jatinderbir Singh

CMD, Punjab National Bank (PNB) - Mr. K. R. Kamath

CMD, Syndicate Bank - Shri Sudhir Kumar Jain

CMD, UCO Bank - Shri Arun Kaul

CMD, Union Bank of India - Shri Arun Tiwari

CMD, Vijaya Bank - Shri V Kannan

CMD, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) - Mr. Rakesh Kumar Upadhyay

CMD, Food Corporation of India - Shri C. Viswanath

CMD, General Insurance Corporation of India - Mr. Ashok K Roy

CMD, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) - Ms. Nishi Vasudeva

CMD, India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) - Smt Rita Menon

CMD, National Insurance Company - Shri A V Girijakumar

CMD, NHPC Limited (National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.) - Shri G. Sai Prasad

CMD, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC) - Mr. Dinesh Kumar Sarraf

CMD, Oriental Insurance Company Ltd - Dr. A. K. Saxena

CMD, Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) - Mr. A K Gupta

CMD, United India Insurance Company - Shri Milind A Kharat

Director CBI - Mr. Ranjit Sinha

Director IB - Syed Asif Ibrahim

Director, Research and Analytical Wing (RAW) - Mr. Alok Joshi

Director-General and Mission Dr of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIAI) - Shri Vijay S Madan

Director-General National Investigation Agency (NIA) - Shri Sharad Kumar

Director-General of Border Security Force (BSF) - Shri Devendra Kumar Pathak

Director-General of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) - Mr. Chandrajit Banerjee

Director-General, Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D) - Shri Rajan Gupta

Director-General, Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) - Shri Arvind Ranjan

Director-General, CRPF - Mr. Dilip Trivedi

Director-General, Indian Coast Guard - Vice Admiral Anurag G Thapliyal

Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research - Dr. Vishwa Mohan Katoch

Director-General, Indian Merchant's Chamber - Mr. Arvind Pradhan

Director-General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) - Shri Subhas Goswami

Director-General, NSG - Shri J. N. Choudhury

Director-General, Railway Protection Force (RPF) - Shri Krishna Chaudhary

Director-General, Sashastra Seema Bal - Shri Arun Chaudhary

Foreign Secretary - Smt. Sujatha Singh

National Security Advisor and Special Advisor to PM (Internal Security) - Shri Ajit Doval

President, ASSOCHAM - Mr. Rana Kapoor

President, Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI interim president) - Mr. Sunil Gavaskar

President, FICCI - Mr. Sidharth K. Birla

President, Indian National Academy of Engineering - Mr. Baldev Raj

President, National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission - Justice D. K. Jain

President, National Green Tribunal - Justice Swatantra Kumar

Principal Scientific Advisor to the Govt. - Dr. R. Chidambaram

Register General and Census Commissioner of India - Mr. C. Chandramouli

Scientific Advisor to Defence Minister and Director General DRDO - Shri Avinash Chander

INTERNATIONAL

Administrator, United Nations Development Programme - Helen Clark

Chairman, African Union Assembly - Thomas Yayi Boni

Chairman, International Cricket Council (ICC) - N. Srinivasan

Chairperson, African Union Commission - Ms. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma

Chancellor of Germany - Angela Merkel

Chief of NASA (USA) - Charles F. Bolden, Jr

Director General, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - Mr. Yukia Amano

Director General, Inter-national Labour Organisation - Guy Ryder

Director General, UNESCO - Irina Bokova

Director General, UNIDO - Li Yong

Director General, WHO - Dr. Margaret Chan

Director General, WTO - Roberto Azevedo

Executive Director of WFP - Ertharin Cousin

Executive Director, UNFPA - Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin

Executive Director, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund(UNICEF) - Anthony Lake

High Commissioner, UN High Commission for Human Rights - Ms. Navanetham Pillay

Managing Director, International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Christine Lagarde

President, African Development Bank - Donald Kaberuka

President, Asian Development Bank - Takehiko Nakao

President, European Commission - Jose Manuel Durao Barroso

President, European Council - Herman Van Rompuy

President, International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) - Lamine Diack

President, International Court of Justice - Peter Tomka

President, International Cricket Council (ICC) - Alan Issac

President, International Olympic Committee - Thomas Bach

President, South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) - Hifikepunye Pohamba

President, World Bank - Dr. Jim Yong Kim

Prime Minister of Australia - Tony Abott

Secretary-General, Amnesty International - Salil Shetty

Secretary-General, ASEAN - H.E. Le Luong Minh

Secretary-General, Commonwealth - Kamalesh Sharma

Secretary-General, Gulf Co- operation Council - Abdullatif bin Rashid Al-Zayani

Secretary-General, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) - Anders Fogh Rasmussen

Secretary-General, Organisation of American States - Jose Miguel Insulza Salinas

Secretary-General, Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - Jose Angel Gurria

Secretary-General, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation - Iyad Ameen Madani

Secretary-General, Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Abdallah Salem el-Badri

Secretary-General, SAARC - H.E. Arjun Bahadur Thapa

Secretary-General, United Nations Conference on trade and Development (UNCTAD) - Mr. Mukhisa Kituyi

Secretary-General, United Nations Organisations - Ban Ki-moon

Deputy Secretary-General, UN - Jan Eliasson

UN High Commissioner for Refugees - Antonio Guterres

WHO’S WHO

WHO’S WHO

Chief Justice of India                                     :          Hon'ble Mr. Justice R.M. Lodha (from 27.04.2014)

President of India                                           :           Mr. Pranab Mukherjee

Chief of Defence Forces and Supreme Commander of Indian Armed Forces            

                                                                         :           President of India

Chief of the Air Staff                                      :           Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha

Chief of the Army Staff                                  :           General Vikram Singh

Chief of the Naval Staff                                 :           Admiral Robin K. Dhowan

Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff           :           Lieutenant General Anil Chait

Vice President of India                                   :           Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Speaker of Lok Sabha                                    :           Ms. Sumitra Mahajan

Deputy Speaker, Lok Sabha                          :           M Thambidurai

Chairman of the Rajya Sabha                        :           Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha                    :           Mr. P. J. Kurien

Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha)                :          Not now

Leader of Opposition (Rajya Sabha)             :          Not now

Secretary General, Lok Sabha                      :           Shri S. Bal Shekar

Secretary General, Rajya Sabha                   :           Mr. Shumsher K. Sheriff

Chief Election Commissioner                         :           Mr. V. S. Sampath

Election Commissioner                                   :           Dr. Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi

Election Commissioner                                   :           Mr. Hari Shankar Brahma

Attorney General of India                              :           Mr. Mukul Rohatgi

Solicitor General of India                               :           Mr. Mohan Parasaran

Comptroller and Auditor General of India    :           Mr. Shashi Kant Sharma

Governor, Reserve Bank of India (RBI)      :           Mr. Raghuram Ranjan

      

OLYMPIC-Symbol-Flag-Flame-Motto

Olympic

Olympic Symbol      :    It comprises of five rings or circles, linked together to represent the sporting friendship of all people. The rings also symbolise the continents—Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and America. Each ring is of a different colour, i.e., blue, yellow, black, green and red respectively.

Olympic Flag           :    The Olympic flag, created in 1913 at the suggestion of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, was solemnly inaugurated in Paris in June 1914 but it was raised over an Olympic stadium for the first time at the Antwerp Games (Belgium) in 1920. There is also a second Olympic flag, which is used for the Winter Games. These flags are made of white silk and contain five intertwined rings. From left to right the rings are blue, yellow, black, green and red. The rings are meant to represent five continents viz., Africa (black), America (red), Asia (yellow), Australia (green) and Europe (blue). At least one of these colours is found on the flag of every country.

Olympic Flame        :    It was at the Amsterdam Games in 1928 that for the first time an Olympic flame was ceremonially lighted and burned in a giant torch at the entrance of the stadium. The modern version of the flame was adopted in 1936 at the Berlin Games. The Olympic flame symbolises the continuity between the ancient and modern Games. The torch, used to kindle the flame, is first lit by the sun’s rays at Olympia, Greece, and then carried to the site of the Games by relay of runners. Ships and planes are used when necessary. On July 15, 1976, space age technology was used to transport the flame from one continent to another.

Olympic Motto         :    The Olympic motto is “Citius-Altius-Fortius” (faster, higher and stronger). Rev. Father Didon (1840-1900), headmaster of a school near Paris and a great promoter of sports in the French Catholic colleges near the end of the nineteenth century, first used the motto and had it embroidered on the pennants of his school clubs. This succinct definition of the philosophy of sport appealed to father Didon;s friend, Baron Pierre de Coubertin who was responsible for the revival work of the Olympic Games nearly 1,500 years after the last of the ancient Games. It was adopted at his suggestion at the International Congress for the “Study and Propagation of the Principles of Amateurism” on June 23, 1894, the same day on which the restoration of the Olympic Games and the creation of the International Olympic Committee were also decided.

Olympic Prizes, Medals and Certificates          :          

                             While in ancient times the Olympic heroes received a crown of olive branches for their exploits, modern Olympic champions are rewarded with medals and certificates. The winning athlete now receives a Gold medal, the athlete in the second place is awarded a Silver medal and the third placed athlete wins a Bronze medal. In addition, all athletes ranking from first to sixth receive a certificate. Each medal is 60 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick. The first and second place medals are made of 92.5 per cent silver and the medal for the first winner is then plated with 6 gram of fine gold. Thus this medal is not of full gold. The third place medal is of bronze.

                                   

                                   

Games were not held in 1916, 1940 and 1944.

        Incidentally, the 1994 Games were the first in accordance with the International Olympic Committee’s new cycle of having Winter Games and Summer Games two years apart, instead of having it in the same year, as had been the tradition since the commencement of these Games in 1924.

        The XIX Winter Games were held in Salt Lake City (USA) from February 9 to 24, 2002. Germany continued its dominance by topping the Medals Tally winning 35 medals (including 12 Golds) while Norway finished as runner-up bagging 24 medals (11 Golds)

Sites of Summer Olympic Games        Sites of Winter Olympic Games

Beijing Olympic Games 2008

The Beijing Olympic Games 2008

        The 29th Summer Olympic Games were held in Beijing, China from August 8 to August 24. A total of 10,500 athletes competed in 302 events in 28 sports. The official logo of the games, titled ‘Dancing Beijing’, featured a stylized calligraphic character ‘jing’ (meaning capital), referring to the host city.

India’s performance at the Beijing Olympics:

        India put up one of their best Olympic shows ever, winning three individual medals — one gold medal and two bronze medals.

        # Abhinav Bindra won the first ever individual gold medal for India in the Men’s 10 m Air Rifle event.

        # Sushil Kumar won a bronze medal in Men’s 66 kg freestyle wrestling event and

        # Vijender Kumar won a bronze in the Men's 75 kg boxing event.

       

Olympic Stars:

        The two stars of the Beijing Olympic were swimmer Michael Phelps of the United States and sprinter Usain Bolt of Jamaica. Phelps won record 8 golds in all 8 events that he participated. Phelps surpassed Mark Spitz’s record of seven gold medals in a single Olympics.

        Usain Bolt won the men’s 100 m dash with a world record time of 9.69 seconds and won the 200 m dash gold with a world record time of 19.30 seconds. He became the first since Carl Lewis in 1984 to claim a sprint double.

        

Medals Tally (Top 5 Countries)

                 Nation                              Gold                      Silver                    Bronze                     Total

        1.      China                                  51                           21                           28                          100

        2.      USA                                   36                           38                           36                          110

        3.      Russia                                23                           21                           28                           72

        4.      Great Britain                        19                           13                           15                           47

        5.      Germany                             16                           10                           15                           41

      

 India’s rank was 50 among 202 countries. 

Only 60 countries were able to win medals in Beijing Olympics.

London Olympic-2012

London Olympic-2012

        London Olympic 2012 started on 27th July and ended on 12th August with a glittering, multicolored show. The next Olympic will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2016.

                                                                    

        Indian Heroes in London Olympic

                 NAME                                 MEDAL             EVENTS

        1.      Mr. Vijay Kumar                   Silver                (Shooting 25 meter Rapid Fire)

        2.      Gagan Narang                      Bronze              (Shooting 10 meter Air Rifle)

        3.      Saina Nehwal                       Bronze              (Badminton)

        4.      MC Mary Kom                      Bronze              (51 kg Women’s Flyweight Boxing)

        5.      Yogeshwar Dutt                   Bronze              (Wrestling 60 kg Freestyle)

        6.      Sushil Kumar                       Silver                (Wrestling 66 kg Freestyle)

      The 2012 Summer Olympic games, officially the XXX, Olympiad and popularly known as London Olympics 2012, was a major international multi-sport event of the year, 2012.

        Salient features

        1.      Motto of London Olympics – ‘Inspire the Generation’

        2.      London becomes the first city to host Olympics for three times (1908, 1948, 2012)

        3.      This was the first Olympics with HDTV freeze – frame coverage

        4.      Total athletes participated                 10500

        5.      Participating nations                         204

        6.      Olympic budget                                9.3 billion pound (8 lakh crore rupees)

        7.      Indian athletes                                  81

        8.      Records made                                  25

        9.      Games played                                  26 (302 events)

        10.     Total medals                                    962

        11.     Area of Olympic park                        490 acres

        12.     Maximum medals won                      104 (USA)

       13.     Chief attraction of the Olympic village is its ORBIT. 115 m high tower in Olympic park is known as Arcelor-Mittal Orbit. It was designed by Anish Kapoor and Cecil Balmond of Engineering Group. It is made up of 2000 tonnes steel and 35000 bolts costing more than 19 million pounds, 16 million pounds coming from Britain’s richest man, the steel tycoon Lakshmi Mittal, chairman of the Arcelor-Mittal Steel Company.

       14.     LOGO: There have been two London Olympics 2012: One for the bidding process created by ‘Kino Design’ and second as the brand for the Games designed by ‘Wolf Olins’. This was for the first time same essential Logo was used for Olympics and Paralympics Games. The logo has Olympic rings embedded, within the zero of the number 2012.

     15.     MASCOT: ‘Wenlock’ and ‘Mandeville’ are animators’ mascots for 2012 summer olympics and paralympics, depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in Bolton. Two stories have been created about the mascots by Writer Michael Morpurgo : Out of a rainbow and Adventures on a rainbow.

Winter Olympics 2014

Sochi (Russia) - Winter Olympics 2014

The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games, held in Sochi, Russia. The Games were held from 7–23 February 2014. Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee (SOC). It was the first Olympics in Russia since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Soviet Union was the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

A total of 98 events in 15 winter sport disciplines were held during the Games. A number of new competitions—a total of 12 accounting for gender—were held during the Games. From India number of qualifying athletes were three, unfortunately no one win a single medal.

Host nation Russia finished on top of the medal table by winning 33 medals in the tournament.

Top ten Countries who topped the list:

Rank   Country                      Gold          Silver       Bronze             Total

1          Russia (RUS)              13                 11              9                     33

2          Norway (NOR)          11                   5             10                    26

3          Canada (CAN)           10                 10             5                      25

4          United States (USA)    9                    7             12                    28

5          Netherlands (NED)      8                   7              9                      24

6          Germany                      8                   6              5                      19

7          Switzerland                  6                   3              2                      11

8          Belarus                        5                   0              1                      6

9          Austria                         4                   8             5                      17

10        France                         4                   4             7                      15

The organizers of the game focused on modernizing the telecommunications, electric power and transportation infrastructures of the region. While originally budgeted at US$12 billion, various factors caused the budget to expand to over US$51 billion, surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing as the most expensive Olympics in history.

For the first time in Olympic history, a public vote was held to decide the mascots for the 2014 Winter Olympics. On 26 February 2011, the official mascots were unveiled, consisting of a polar bear, a snow hare, and a snow leopard.

The torch relay lasted 123 days and it is the longest torch relay in Olympic history, a 64,000 kilometres (40,000 mi) route that passes through all regions of the country, from Kaliningrad in the west to Chukotka in the east excluding Earth orbits in space. A total of 14,000 torch carriers took part in the relay. The Olympic flame was taken to the Caucasus' tallest peak — Mount Elbrus, lowered to the bottom of Lake Baikal, and visited the North Pole and the International Space Station. The Olympic torch reached the North Pole for first time via a nuclear-powered icebreaker (50 Let Pobedy). The torch was also passed for the first time in space, though not lit for the duration of the flight for safety reasons, on flight Soyuz TMA-11M to the International Space Station (ISS).

2018 - Winter Olympics 

It is officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games scheduled to take place in Pyeongchang, South Korea from 9th to 25th February, 2018.

Federal System in India

Federal System of Government in India

The apex court of India is the Supreme Court the final interpreter and guardian of the constitution–empowered to protect the Fundamental Rights of the people by issuing various writs (orders). It also has the powers of Judicial Review.

India has a federal system of government. There are 29 states and 7 union territories in India. Each state has a separate executive, legislature and judiciary state executive consists of the Governor and a Council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister. State Legislature consists of Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) Legislative Council is optional state judiciary consists of the High Court and other district and subordinate Courts.

The Indian federation is characterised by a string centre. It is called quasi-federal or a federal system with a unitary bias.

Preamble of the Constitution (India)

Preamble of the Indian Constitution

We, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, have solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all;

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.